The Wiener system used the Rh-Hr nomenclature. However, the d gene was hypothetical, not actual. This system was based on the theory that a separate gene controls the product of each corresponding antigen (e.g., a "D gene" produces D antigen, and so on). The Fisher-Race system, which is more commonly in use today, uses the CDE nomenclature. Both systems reflected alternative theories of inheritance. ![]() The Rh blood group system has two sets of nomenclatures: one developed by Fisher and Race, the other by Wiener. Some keystones were to recognize its importance for blood transfusion including reliable diagnostic tests, and hemolytic disease of the newborn including exchange transfusion and very importantly the prevention of it by screening and prophylaxis. The clinical significance of this highly immunizing D antigen (i.e. ![]() Based on different models of genetic inheritance, two different terminologies were developed both of them are still in use (see below). It was recognized that the Rh factor was just one in a system of various antigens. This real factor found in Rhesus macaque was classified in the Landsteiner-Wiener antigen system (antigen LW, antibody anti-LW) in honor to the discoverers. Although differences between these two sera were shown already in 1942 and clearly demonstrated in 1963, the already widely used term "Rh" was kept for the clinically described human antibodies which are different from the ones related to the Rhesus monkey. The antigen that induced this immunization was designated by them as Rh factor "to indicate that rhesus blood had been used for the production of the serum." īased on the serologic similarities Rh factor was later also used for antigens, and anti-Rh for antibodies, found in humans such as the previously described by Levine and Stetson. This serum was produced by immunizing rabbits with red blood cells from Rhesus macaque. Wiener reported a serum that also reacted with about 85% of different human red blood cells. No name was given to this then for the first time described agglutinin. It was recognized that the serum of the reported woman agglutinated with red blood cells of about 80% of the people although the then known blood groups, in particular ABO were matched. Philip Levine and Rufus Stetson published in a first case report the clinical consequences of non-recognized Rh factor, hemolytic transfusion reaction and hemolytic disease of the newborn in its most severe form. In contrast to the ABO blood group, immunization against Rh can generally only occur through blood transfusion or placental exposure during pregnancy. These antigens are listed separately ( see below: Rh nomenclature). However, other antigens of this blood group system are also clinically relevant. The status is usually indicated by Rh positive (Rh+, does have the D antigen) or Rh negative (Rh-, does not have the D antigen) suffix to the ABO blood type. This term strictly refers only to the most immunogenic D antigen of the Rh blood group system, or the Rh- blood group system. Besides its role in blood transfusion, the Rh blood group system, in particular the D antigen, is a relevant cause of the hemolytic disease of the newborn or erythroblastosis fetalis for which prevention is key.Īn individual either has, or does not have, the " Rhesus factor" on the surface of their red blood cells. The commonly-used terms Rh factor, Rh positive and Rh negative refer to the D antigen only. The Rh blood group system currently consists of 50 defined blood-group antigens, among which the 5 antigens D, C, c, E, and e are the most important ones. ![]() ![]() It is clinically the most important blood group system after ABO. The Rh (Rhesus) blood group system (including the Rh factor) is one of the currently 30 human blood group systems.
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