![]() Nonetheless, even with the Western history of political ideology and political science being “change-oriented” in “imagination,” “changes” tend to be cyclical. The presence of such fundamental yet vital elements of civilization functioning has allowed China to emerge as an uninterrupted civilization (Yang 2016a, b, c, d). The reason could be attributed to the fact that China subsists as a unified country with a robust bureaucratic system, a patriarchal society, and an uninterrupted language and written system. Contrarily, the political ideology in China has more or less remained unaltered in essence, since it is endowed with an uninterrupted historical belief system and the people-oriented philosophy has dominated this country for a solid 2000 years. As for the emergence of nation-states, such as in Germany, it was a cumulative product of the intellectuals’ “imagination” during the Sturm und Drang movement, and consequently, the German ideology has been constantly shifting ever since. Particularly with respect to the theocratic medieval Europe, Benedict Anderson introduced the idea of “Imagined Communities” in his book of the same name, which is pertinent to the Europe that existed before the formation of nation-states. The Western history of political ideology with its ever-evolving social reforms and fluctuating beliefs has, in turn, induced a great amount of changes to the political community in general. As political science followed diverse paths in the West and the East, these regions cultivated a political ideology with disparate characteristics. The history of political philosophy acts as a constructive resource for the study of political science. Thus, political science is expected to resume its common sense nearly after a century of political chaos. However, as the contemporary world order disfavored this paradigm, Chinese scholars shifted their research focus to developing an independent discourse power in democracy and governance, as well as prioritizing state governance as their primary research paradigm and methodology. During the Cold War period, such governing strategies were adopted as universal values in Western political science, effectuating the prediction of “the end of the history.” After the launch of the reform and opening-up campaign, “change-oriented” liberal democracy became an instrumental paradigm for Chinese political science. As the “governing strategies” of the established order encounter multiple social crises, the Marxist political science or Marxism has emerged as the naturally preferred alternative research paradigm. Due to the influence of bourgeois revolutions around the world, contemporary politics has transpired as the synopsis of governance of the established order. In comparative terms, the paradigm of Western research is essentially “change-oriented” and tends to shift constantly with its evolving thoughts. The history of political philosophy serves as a valuable resource for the current research paradigms in political science.
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